INDEX:
RECORD
TEACHING RESPONSIBILITIES while at EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH and PUBLICATIONS
GENERAL CONTRIBUTION
CURRENT SITUATION
RECORD
Name: Christopher Richard BRAND.
Last appointment [1970-97]: Lecturer in Psychology, University of
Edinburgh.
Date & place of birth: 1st June, 1943; Preston, Lancashire, UK.
Married twice; three children.
Education
SCHOOLING: Queen Elizabeth's Boys' Grammar School, Barnet,
Hertfordshire, UK; 1954 -1961.
UNIVERSITY: Oxford University (The Queen's College [Open
Scholar]),1962 - 1965. M.A. Oxon. with Honours in Psychology and
Philosophy (Upper Second Class).
Career till 1970
Psychologist and Senior Psychologist for UK Home Office, Prison
Department. At H.M.Prison Grendon, Buckinghamshire. Assessment,
treatment, counselling and research with personality-disordered
offenders. 1965-1968.
Junior Research Fellow, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
Research in non-verbal communication, ethological approaches to social
behaviour, and in crime and personality. 1968 - 1970.
Work in Edinburgh
Please consult the following pages which supply information in
accordance with the C.V. compilation requirements of the University of
Edinburgh.
Academic reputation
Please consult :
(i) SOCIAL SCIENCE CITATION INDEX [Brand, C.; Brand, C. R.; Brand,
Chris]
(ii) EDITORS OF Nature or Times Higher Educational Supplement or Science
(iii) REFEREES:
Prof. J-P. Rushton, D.Sc., Dept Psychol., Univ. Western Ontario, London,
Canada N6A 5C2.
Mr D. Rutherford, M.A. (Oxon.), Associate Dean, Faculty of Social
Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh.
Emeritus Professor R. Lynn, M.A. (Cantab.), Social Research Institute,
Drumcroone Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
Dr R. E. Rawles, Reader in Psychol., University College London, WC1E
6BT.
Prof. I. J. Deary, Dept Psychol., Univ. Edinburgh EH8 9JZ.
Prof. R. E. Fancher, Dept Psychol., York Univ., Ontario M3J 1P3,
Canada.
Prof. A. Furnham, Dept Psychology, University College, London WC1E 6BT.
Dr T. Nettelbeck, Reader in Psychol., Dept Psychology, Univ. Adelaide,
Australia.
Lecturing in differential psychology (personality and abilities), psychopathology, social psychology, the psychology of crime, philosophical problems in psychology, and political psychology. Lecturing at all levels at some time or other -- from Psychology I (350 students) to M.Phil.(Clinical Psychology) and M.Sc. (Educational Psychology), and candidates for the Royal College of General Practitioners.
Organizer of:
Psychopathology (a third-year option, 1970-1977)
Differential Psychology (a fourth-year option, 1980-1992)
Philosophical Problems in Psychology (a third-year course, 1984 - )
Personality -- Normal and Abnormal (third year, 1992 - ) and Current Controversies in Intelligence (fourth year, 1992 - ).
Examining at all levels, including Ph.D.
Together with practical classes, research projects, visits to institutions (1970-1977), and tutorials / discussion groups, a total of some 115 'contact hours' has probably been involved annually. (I supervised some 50 research projects by Final Honours students over 1970-1995.)
LECTURING RESPONSIBILITIES (1995/6)
Psychology I Introduction to differential psychology. (325 students. 8 lecture hours.)
Psychology II Introduction to human psychogenetics. (150 students. 8 lecture hours.)
Psychology III Philosophical problems in psychology. ( 25 students. 12 lecture hours.)
Factor analysis. ( 50 students. 2 lecture hours.)
Personality. ( 50 students. 10 lecture hours.)
Psychology IV Current controversies in intelligence. ( 25 students. 10 lecture hours.)
Information processes and intelligence. ( 15 students. 2 lecture hours.)
Political Psychology ( 15 students 10 lecture hours)
I maintain (in the Department Library, and on the Internet at
Called Personality, Biology and Society, it gives introductions, quotations and references on some thirty topics (e.g. 'situationism', 'nomothetic vs idiographic approaches to personality', 'dimensions of personality', 'the mind/body problem', 'nature vs nurture arguments', 'cognitive psychology', 'racial and ethnic differences', 'psychology and politics', and 'psychological testing').
Student aids are available from me introducing 'approaches to personality theory', 'questions about intelligence', 'how to write essays' and 'how to pass exams'.
Other lecturing
For the Department of Education, University of Edinburgh, 1981-1989: lectures on 'individual differences' (20 students, 10 hours p.a.). Occasional lectures for Personality Assessment Limited (Birmingham), Andrew Munro Ltd (Gloucester) and Lothian Regional Council.
External examining and course validation
Appointed to assist in honours degree validation teams at Laban Centre, London (1989), at the Hertfordshire College of Art and Design, St Albans (1990), and at Manchester Polytechnic (1991).
RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
My work has been concerned with identifying and elucidating the main dimensions of human variation in objective measures of personality and abilities. I have taken the view that the more interesting questions about human personality differences and their biosocial and psychodynamic significance can only begin to be answered once there is a consensus as to what are the main, objectively measurable 'dimensions of personality' (and as to what is still mysterious). Since 1984, I have maintained that there are six main dimensions -- rather than the 'Big Five' that have enjoyed more popularity with psychometrician-psychologists; and that several dimensions probably require interpretations that will be essentially Freudian. However, since the existence and importance of even a dimension of 'general intelligence' (g) is often disputed in and around psychology and the social sciences, my work has especially concerned the g factor (the psychometric backbone of IQ), its possible basis in 'speed of apprehension', and its relation to personality and social attitudes. Similar or related work and theorizing is undertaken by Arthur Jensen (Berkeley), Ted Nettelbeck (Adelaide), Mike Anderson (Perth, Western Australia), Jeff McCrae (Baltimore), Sarah Hampson (Oregon), Paul Kline (Exeter), Tom Bouchard (Minneapolis), Adrian Furnham (University College, London), Volkmar Weiss (Leipzig), Lee Willerman (Austin, Texas), Miles Storfer (New York), Boele de Raad (Groningen), Gerry Matthews (Dundee), Con Stough (Brisbane) and by several colleagues in Edinburgh. I have maintained contact with these workers and/or have met with them in Austin, New York, Berlin, Leipzig, London and Edinburgh. Most of us publish in the journals Intelligence, European Journal of Personality, Personality and Individual Differences, Behaviour Research and Therapy and Nature. I am specially known for my reviews in the last three of these journals (and in the weekly newspaper for British academics, Times Higher); and I have been an editorial consultant for EJP and BRAT. Recently I have published two papers to the effect that there are six rather than five main dimensions of individual psychological variation and that these six dimensions are related to underlying variations in ability and temperaments; and I have urged a reconciliation between Eysenckian and Freudian conceptions of personality structure. Once my main conclusions about intelligence were published (1996, THE g FACTOR) I planned to concentrate on the psychology underlying individual differences in 'neuroticism' (n) - particularly looking at high-n-scorers' apparently superior memory for life events (first identified in work by students under my supervision). However, the firestorm generated by my book's publication, press treatment and subsequent withdrawal by the publisher show that I must continue to work in and around central disputes between hereditarians and social environmentalists. Hence, with an American co-author, I am planning an intellectual biography of William McDougall FRS -- the psychologist who fought (unsuccessfully) against behaviourism from his Chair at Harvard in the 1920's.
Outside recognition of my research and writing in differential psychology has been expressed in invitations to talk [on approx. the stated number of occasions] in universities or similar institutions (usually to the Department of Psychology and/or Psychology Society).
I have given talks on psychological topics for academic/student audiences in Leeds [3], Coleraine [3], Liverpool, Dundee [2], Dublin [3], Glasgow [2], Exeter, Aberdeen, Newcastle, Bradford, Austin, London [6], Cork [2], New York, Berlin [4-day Dahlem Konferenz - I gave a 'keynote' paper], Stirling, Luton, and Cambridge [2]. I was unable to accept invitations to talk in Toronto, Munich, Barcelona, Hollywood (Florida), Sienna and Moscow; but was able to arrange for my Ph.D. student, Claudia Pagliari, to undertake the last of these offered engagements. I have given some half-a-dozen substantial radio interviews, especially on BBC IV UK's 'Science Now' programme, and have addressed business conferences in Birmingham and London.
I was elected Fellow of the Galton Institute (London) in 1987. My proposals concerning what I call the 'Big Six' personality dimensions have been taken up with acknowledgment by the psychometric firms Metrika (London) and Personality Assessment Limited (Birmingham and Coventry) and pursued in the work of Prof. G.Matthews (University of Dundee) and Prof. I.J.Deary (University of Edinburgh).
My proposal that intelligence 'differentiates' at its higher levels into diverse abilities and personality traits has been pursued by Dr M.Anderson (University of Perth, Western Australia) and Prof. Deary.
My work has achieved a significant level of citation since about 1985. My assistance has been formally acknowledged in academic books and articles as follows.
MACKENZIE, B. & BINGHAM, Elizabeth (1985). 'IQ, IT and response strategies in a university population.' Australian Journal of Psychology 37, 3, 257-268. JENSEN, A.R. (1987). 'Differential psychology: towards consensus.' In S. & Celia Modgil, Arthur Jensen: Consensus and Controversy. Brighton : Falmer. NETTELBECK, T. (1987). 'Inspection time and intelligence.' In P.A.Vernon, Speed of Information Processing and Intelligence. Norwood, NJ : Ablex. LEHRL, S. & FISCHER, B. (1990). 'A basic information psychological parameter (BIP) for the reconstruction of concepts of intelligence.' European Journal of Personality 4, 4, 259-286. BUCKLEY, N.(1990). The Insight Manual. London, WC2A 3UL : Metrika. ANDERSON, M. (1992). Intelligence and Development. Oxford : Blackwell. HAMPSON, Sarah (1992). 'The emergence of personality.' In A.Gale & M.W.Eysenck, Handbook of Individual Differences: Biological Perspectives . Chichester : Wiley. MATTHEWS,G. & ODDY, K. (1992). TOPAS Technical Manual. Birmingham B32 2DY : PA (Distributors) Ltd. MATTHEWS,G. & ODDY, K. (1993). 'Recovery of major personality dimensions from trait adjective data.' Personality & Individual Differences 15, 4, 419-431. BADCOCK, C. (1994). PsychoDarwinism: the New Synthesis of Darwin and Freud. London : HarperCollins. DEARY, I. J. (1996). 'A (latent) Big Five personality model in 1915? -- A re-analysis of Webb's data.' Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 71, 5, 992-1005. McKENZIE, J., TINDELL, G. & FRENCH, Janet (1997). 'The great triumvirate: agreement between lexically and psycho-physiologically based models of personality.' Personality & Individual Differences 22, 2, 269-277.
Articles discussing my academic work and ideas have appeared in The Observer, The Sunday Times, New Scientist, The Scotsman, The Glasgow Herald, Omni, Science News, The Independent, The Times¸ and Times Higher.
A review in Journal of Biosocial Structures (1995) said my ideas were "provocative" yet deserved to be "widely read."
An eleven-page review of THE g FACTOR in Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies (1996) was complimentary, saying the book was 'mainstream' and quoting several of the "many great lines in the book."
An eleven-page review in Mankind Quarterly (1996) also defended my book, saying it was "a concise but comprehensive study of general mental ability and its importance to educational and social policy."
A review in Nature (1996) was also favourable, saying the book deserved to be taken seriously as a contribution to public policy debates. A review in Personality & Individual Differences (1996) [also quoted extensively in Times Higher] said my book, THE g FACTOR, was "brilliant."
(This review and many other comments on my work can be found at my Internet Home Page,
An article criticizing US publishers for cravenly failing to publish works by Arthur Jensen, Michael Levin, Phil Rushton and myself appeared in the US bi-monthly magazine National Review ['IQ and PC', 27 i 1997, 39-42, Kevin Lamb].)
Several Edinburgh University students in Psychology have said and written that THE gFACTOR is a readable and generally excellent and helpful review of the field of general intelligence.
I have been described along with Paul Costa and Jeff McCrae as a 'leading personality theorist' (R. Lynn, 1996, Dysgenics, Westport, CT, Praeger, p. 147); and as an "acknowledged authority" on personality dimensions (J. McKenzie et al., 1997, Personality & Individual Differences 22, p. 275).
As a result of my views becoming widely known in 1996, news of me is maintained - as one of some two dozen 'heterodox intellectuals' [including Arthur Jensen, Michael Oakeshott, Camille Paglia and Roger Scruton] at the Internet 'Upstream' site.
I was PhD supervisor for V. Egan (1984-1991), I.J.Deary (1987-1992), and Claudia Pagliari (1988- ). (All are currently employed as psychologists.) (I was briefly postgraduate supervisor for four students during 1993-1995 but all sought alternative supervision after learning of my hereditarian and "racist" views.
Two eventually left the University and a third is now supervised primarily from a different Department.)
I was external examiner for MPhil and PhD theses submitted in the University of Ulster; and for a Ph.D. thesis in the University of Adelaide. My chief publications since 1980 are as follows.
1981 'General intelligence and mental speed.' In M.Friedman et al., Intelligence and Learning. New York : Plenum, pp.589-593. 1981 'Personality and political attitudes.' In R.Lynn, Dimensions of Personality: Papers in Honour of H.J.Eysenck. Oxford : Pergamon, pp.7-38. 1982 'Intelligence and inspection time.' (C.R.BRAND & I.J.DEARY) In H.J.Eysenck, A Model for Intelligence. New York : Springer, pp.133-148. 1984 'Intelligence and inspection time: an ontogenetic relationship?' In C.J.Turner & H.B.Miles, The Biology of Human Intelligence. London : Eugenics Society, pp.53-64. 1984 'Personality dimensions: an overview of modern trait psychology. In J.Nicholson & Halla Beloff, Psychology Survey 5. Leicester : British Psychological Society, pp.175-209. 1985 'Jensen's compromise with componentialism.' Behavioral & Brain Sciences 8, pp.222-223. 1986 'The psychological bases of political attitudes and interests.' In S. & Celia Modgil, Hans Eysenck: Consensus and Controversy. Brighton : Falmer, pp.137-153 & 175-176. 1987 'The importance of intelligence.' In S. & Celia Modgil, Arthur Jensen: Consensus and Controversy. Brighton : Falmer, pp.251-265 & 278-283. 1987 'What can State schools do to help Black children?' Personality & Individual Differences 8, pp.453-455. 1987 'Bryter still and bryter.' Nature 328, p.110. 1987 'Keeping up with the times.' Nature 328, p.761. 1988 'The changing advice of experts on child-rearing: a return to individualism?' In D.Anderson, Full Circle: Bringing up Children in the Post-Permissive Society. London : Social Affairs Unit, pp.16-36. 1989 'The 'Big Five' dimensions of personality?' (C.R.BRAND & V.EGAN) Personality & Individual Differences 10, 11, pp.1165-1171. 1989 'Has there been a 'massive' rise in IQ levels in the West? Evidence from Scottish children.' (C.R.BRAND, Susan FRESHWATER & W.B.DOCKRELL.) Irish Journal of Psychology 10, 3, pp.388-394. 1990 'A 'gross' underestimate of a 'massive' IQ rise? A rejoinder to Flynn.' Irish Journal of Psychology 11, 1, pp.52-56. 1990 'Sir Cyril Burt: a fraud or a rogue?' Personality & Individual Differences 11, 8, pp.877-879. 1993 'Personality and general intelligence: 'aboriginal realities' or 'language games'?' (C.R.BRAND, V.EGAN & I.J.DEARY.) In G. L. Van Heck, P. Bonaiuto, I. Deary & W. Nowack, Personality Psychology in Europe 4. Tilburg : Tilburg University Press, pp. 203-228. 1993 'Special Review' of H.J.Eysenck, Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 31, 1, 129-131. 1993 'Political psychodynamics today: psychoanalysis without the sex and violence.' Personality & Individual Differences 14, 5, 749-750. 1993 'Cognitive abilities: current theoretical issues.' In T. J. Bouchard & P. Propping, Twins as a Tool of Behaviour Genetics. Chichester : Wiley DePublisher. 1994 'Intelligence, personality and society: constructivist vs essentialist possibilities.' (C.R.BRAND, V.EGAN & I.J.DEARY.) ln D.K.Detterman, Current Topics in Human Intelligence 4. New Jersey : Ablex. 1994 'Open to experience -- closed to intelligence: why the 'Big Five' are really the 'Comprehensive Six'.' European Journal of Personality 8, 299-310. 1994 'How many dimensions of personality? -- The 'Big 5', the 'Gigantic 3' and the 'Comprehensive 7.' Psychologica Belgica 34, 257-273. 1995 ''g', genes and pedagogy.' In D.K.Detterman, Current Topics in Human Intelligence 5, pp. 113-120. New Jersey : Ablex. 1995 'What is it to be high-K?' (A Special Review of J.P.Rushton, Race, Evolution & Behavior, New Jersey, Transaction Press.) Personality & Individual Differences 19, 3, 411-413. 1995 'Modern phrenology at its best.' Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 14, 5, 500-507. 1996 THE g FACTOR: GENERAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.. Chichester : Wiley DePublisher. (Available in UK Feb. 29 - April 17; subsequently withdrawn by the publisher for 'racism' but available on Inter-Library Loan.) 1996 'The importance of intelligence in Western societies.' J. Biosocial Science 28, 387-404. 1996 'Doing something about g.' Intelligence 22, 3, 311-326. 1996 'Intelligence and the differentiation hypothesis.' [I.J.DEARY, V.EGAN, G.J.GIBSON,ELIZABETH J. AUSTIN, C.R.BRAND AND T.KELLAGHAN] Intelligence 23, 2, 105-132. 1997 'Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions: their number and nature.' In H. Nyborg, The Scientific Study of Human Nature: A Tribute to Hans Eysenck at 80, pp. 17-35. London : Elsevier. 1997 'Ten arguments for the existence of racial differences in intelligence, and why we should welcome race realism', Mankind Quarterly 37, 3, 317-326. 1997 'Utopian behaviourism -- a monument.' Personality & Individual Differences 23, 6, 1094-5. 1997/8 'Obituary for Hans Jürgen Eysenck.' Mankind Quarterly 38, 67-83; 'Hans Jürgen Eysenck (1916-1917): Nota necrólogica de Chris Brand (autor de The 'g' Factor)', Psychologemas 11, 21, 117-125 [Traducido por Maria José Baguena]; and on the Internet at
e.g. of WORKS BY SUCH EMINENT PSYCHOLOGISTS AS A. Adler [2], C. Badcock, D. Barash, M. Billig [2], J. S. Bruner [2], J. B. Carroll, D. K. Detterman, H. J. Eysenck [4], A. R. Jensen, P. N. Johnson-Laird, P. Kline [3], S. M. Kosslyn, D. Lubinski, R. Lynn [2], D. Lubinski (ed.), N. J. Mackintosh [2], M. Schiff & R. C. Lewontin, B. F. Skinner, R. J. Sternberg [4], P. E. Vernon [2], D. Warburton (ed.) and M. Zuckerman; for SUCH PERIODICALS AS Behaviour Research and Therapy [6], British Journal of Psychology [4], British Journal of Developmental Psychology, BPS Psychobiology Newsletter, Nature [8], Personality and Individual Differences [12], Psychology News [6] and Times Higher Educational Supplement [8].
GENERAL CONTRIBUTION
Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh Organization of the Department's research seminars 1971-1975, 1985-96. Contribution of some 8 research seminars of my own. Purchasing and maintenance of psychometric tests and facilities in the Department's 'George Combe Room', 1975-1990. Introduction of undergraduates, postgraduates, demonstrators and staff from other Departments to psychometric tests for practical classes and research. Course Administrator for Psychology III (1980-1988; 1995-6), and Chairman or Vice-Chairman of third-year Board of Examiners, 1983-1991. Member of Postgraduate Studies Committee, 1987-96. Vice-Chairman of Final Honours Examination Board 1993-5. Convener of Ethics Committee (early October, 1996 - I stepped down as part of the University's response to media protests)
